Sure, I include the relevant tree dumps obtained with the "releases/gcc-11" branch.
The "patch_" variants represent the dumps after disabling the check on the internal flag (I include the patch for both "releases/gcc-11" and "master" branches).
The pass under investigation is "evpr"; you can see how the if condition is removed and related BBs are merged if the range analysis provides what I think is an unexpected result. The optimized dump changes accordingly, but the troublesome transformation is the one performed by the gimple VRP.

Giuseppe


________________________________
From: Jeff Law <jeffreyalaw@gmail.com>
Sent: Wednesday, November 1, 2023 5:11 PM
To: Giuseppe Tagliavini <giuseppe.tagliavini@unibo.it>; gcc@gcc.gnu.org <gcc@gcc.gnu.org>
Subject: Re: Suspecting a wrong behavior in the value range propagation analysis for __builtin_clz



On 11/1/23 05:29, Giuseppe Tagliavini via Gcc wrote:
> I found an unexpected issue working with an experimental target (available here: https://github.com/EEESlab/tricore-gcc), but I was able to reproduce it on mainstream architectures. For the sake of clarity and reproducibility, I always refer to upstream code in the rest of the discussion.
>
> Consider this simple test:
>
> #include <stdio.h>
> int f(unsigned int a) {
>    unsigned int res = 8*sizeof(unsigned int) - __builtin_clz(a);
>    if(res>0) printf("test passed\n");
>    return res-1;
> }
>
> I tested this code on GCC 9 and GCC 11 branches, obtaining the expected result from GCC 9 and the wrong one from GCC 11. In GCC 11 and newer versions, the condition check is removed by a gimple-level optimization (I will provide details later), and the printf is always invoked at the assembly level with no branch.
>
> According to the GCC manual, __builtin_clz "returns the number of leading 0-bits in x, starting at the most significant bit position. If x is 0, the result is undefined." However, it is possible to define a CLZ_DEFINED_VALUE_AT_ZERO in the architecture backend to specify a defined behavior for this case. For instance, this has been done for SPARC and AARCH64 architectures. Compiling my test with SPARC GCC 13.2.0 with the -O3 flag on CompilerExplorer I got this assembly:
>
> .LC0:
>          .asciz  "test"
> f:
>          save    %sp, -96, %sp
>          call    __clzsi2, 0
>           mov    %i0, %o0
>          mov     %o0, %i0
>          sethi   %hi(.LC0), %o0
>          call    printf, 0
>           or     %o0, %lo(.LC0), %o0
>          mov     31, %g1
>          return  %i7+8
>           sub    %g1, %o0, %o0
>
> After some investigation, I found this optimization derives from the results of the value range propagation analysis: https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/gcc/gimple-range-op.cc#L917
> In this code, I do not understand why CLZ_DEFINED_VALUE_AT_ZERO is verified only if the function call is tagged as internal. A gimple call is tagged as internal at creation time only when there is no associated function declaration (see https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/gcc/gimple.cc#L371), which is not the case for the builtins. From my point of view, this condition prevents the computation of the correct upper bound for this case, resulting in a wrong result from the VRP analysis.
>
> Before considering this behavior as a bug, I prefer to ask the community to understand if there is any aspect I have missed in my reasoning.
It would help if you included the debugging dumps.

Jeff